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Keyword: Soil |
Overview - a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z |
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| Bibionidae | | ... males of the Bibio marci for example can become very aggressive. While the Nematocera are generally good flyers, i. e. the Bibio hortulanus are sluggish and slow.
The female Bibionidae lay up to 3,000 eggs, individually or in small groups in the soil, where they are buried. The hatched larvae, which are resist to the cold, are usually hairy and are found en masse (especially in the upper layers of humus). They live on rotting plant remains and are important soil regenerators. The pupae of Bibionidae also live in the soil. The larvae can be harmful when they occur en masse especially in times of drought as they also attack the roots of living plants. | | |
| | Rove beetles | ...n swarm on warm evenings. While larger species of rove beetle search for food in the night, smaller species are active by day.
Rove beetles can be found in litter and humus in diverse habitats. In the species that live in the deeper layers of soil the eyes are poorly developed and they can not fly. Certain species of rove beetles are found in or on the edge of wetlands, other species, in deserts, mountains or near the polar regions. Most, however, live in the tropics.
The dietary habits o...
...walking. Rove beetle have defence glands, the secretions of which can cause blistering and rashes in humans.
Some species of rove beetle can cause damage to strawberries or fruit trees. However, the rove beetle is enormously valuable for the soil and its remineralisation. Furthermore they eat many insects which are regarded as pests in agriculture and forestry. | | |
| | The female Panorpidae lays its eggs (several clutches) in loose soil, with which then stick together and form balls. The hatched larvae are similar to caterpillars and are dark. They have 8 pairs of short feet on their abdomens and bristles on their backs. The larvae live in the soil in which they feed on carrion, small living organisms or parts of plants. | | |
| | Common woodlouse | ...ges with punctiform openings (defensive glands) on their sides. They have lobes on the sides of their heads at eye level.
The common woodlouse lives among fallen leaves, in rotting wood, under stones and under the surface layer of medium moist soil in deciduous forests and bushes. It is also found in cellars, gardens, stables, greenhouses and compost heaps. An adequate level of humidity is important, since their gills can only absorb oxygen, when combined with a film of water. Common woodli...
... are filled with water. The young develop in these pouches and leave as small woodlice. Further brood care is not necessary. About 3 months later, the young woodlice become adults and shed their skin for a living. The adults overwinter in the soil. | | |
| Eggs are laid either individually or in smaller groups on living or dead plants and can number as many as 5000. Occasionally, the eggs are also stored directly on the soil.
Approximately 4-6 weeks after oviposition (egg laying), the larvae hatch. At the end of their abdomen is an apparature by which they move ( like inchworms ). If they encounter a spider, they jump onto it and drill through the skin at the join...
...nter a spider, they jump onto it and drill through the skin at the joint until they are inside the spider. They then live off the substances inside the body and hibernate in the hull of the empty spider until spring, when they pupate in the soil. | | |
| | ... decaying plant parts, where the substrate serves as a nutrient medium for the larvae who hatch one to two days later. The larvae go through 3 stages of development before they pupate. Pupation takes place in the nutrient medium or in the underlying soil. The pupae have a reddish surface. 14-32 days after the eggs are laid, the adult flies of the new generation leave their pupae.
Sepsis violacea are of ecological importance as they clean the soil. | | |
| | ...n pollen and the nectar of various flowers, such as Umbelliferae (Apiaceae), yarrow (Achillea), Scabiosa and roses (Rosa). Mating usually takes place on the blossoms of the plants they like to eat. The female uses its ovipositor to lay eggs in dry soil or cracks in wood. The larvae freely live in soil with mycelium of the fungus Marasmius oreodes. | | |
| The fertilized females lay their eggs on the host plants of the larvae, or in the soil. The larvae feed as rootworms or mostly as leaf miners. Some species of larvae can cause considerable damage when they infest crops. This includes in particular, species of the genus Delia (Delia antiqua, Delia coarctata, Delia Floralis, Delia pla...
...ia (Delia antiqua, Delia coarctata, Delia Floralis, Delia platura, Delia radicum) and the turnip fly (Pegomyia hyoscyami). The larvae of other species of root-maggot flies feed on fungus or rotting plant parts. Root-maggot flies overwinter in the soil as pupae. | | |
| Mature larvae are able to secrete a substance which drives away their competitors ,especially adult beetles of the same species, from the leaves of the forage plants. At the end of the third larval stage, the larvae dig down into the soil to a depth of about 2cm and pupate. After 6-9 days the adult beetles hatch from their pupae. They have a flight radius of about 10 metres. In late autumn they begin eating intensively and continue this over a period of a few days in preparation ...
...They have a flight radius of about 10 metres. In late autumn they begin eating intensively and continue this over a period of a few days in preparation for the winter. When the beetles have consumed enough nutrients, they bury themselves in the soil close to the food plant at a depth of several centimetres and remain there until late March or early April. Among the natural enemies of Gastrophysa viridula are insectivores and parasites. | | |
| | Egg-laying (up to several hundred eggs in a lifetime) is done with an ovipositor in moist soil orin the mud at the bottom of a body of water. The larvae reach body lengths of about 50 mm and live on plant roots, which they eat. They pupate in the soil or in rotten wood. Crane fly larvae can cause significant damage to crops. | | |
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