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Photography with cameras
Nikon D3x, Nikon D300, Canon 50D
Image editing with Photoshop |
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Keyword: Host |
Overview - a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z |
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| Bot flies | ...ped, large wings have a central vein spreading out in different angle. The thorax is covered with scales and has a number of bristles at the rear end. Mating takes place at elevated places like trees, hills and ridges.
Egg laying takes place on host animals, most commonly on hoofed mammals. The larvae always live parasitically in the interior of the host animals (endoparasites). Many species choose specific animals as the host - which body orifice of the host animal is chosen for egg laying also depends on the species. The hatching maggots (larvae) develop accordingly in the nasal mucous membrane, the throat or beneath the skin (subcutis) of their host animals. Egg laying can be a risky business for some females as the larvae hatch very fast and can attack their own mothers.
The approach of Bot flies can cause panic reactions in in cattle which often sustain severe injuries by running away i...
...tch very fast and can attack their own mothers.
The approach of Bot flies can cause panic reactions in in cattle which often sustain severe injuries by running away into fences or barbed wire. The migration and development of larvae inside the host animals inevitably leads to illness and sometimes to the host animals’ death. The larvaes’ stay in the host animals can last as long as several months. In their last larval stage the maggots leave the host animal and fall down to the soil to pupate.
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| | Females lay their eggs on sitting or slow flying host animals, especially on bees, bumblebees, wasps, or sometimes grasshoppers. They cling to the host animal and lay eggs between the segments of their abdomen. The hatching larvae then eat their way into the abdomen of the host animal, reside there and feed on the insides of the host until it is hollow. The larvae overwinter in the host insects. Some species, such as Conops flavipes (the most common species of the genus Conops) live in the nests of bees and bumblebees where their larvae feed on the bee brood. | | |
| | | ...ces or on carrion. Their larvae feed parasitically on all kinds of larvae, pupae and adult insects. This includes caterpillars, beetles (larvae and adults) and the larvae of various Diptera and arthropods. The larvae of the tachina flies enter their host animals in different ways. Firstly through ingestion of their eggs, secondly through oviposition directly on the host animal, or thirdly through the hatched larvae’s direct entry into the host animal. Usually the host animals die before the larvae’s development is complete. The pupation of the larvae usually occurs outside the host animal.
Since the larvae of many tachina flies kill pests, they are very welcome in the agriculture and forestry industry. | | |
| | Sheep bot fly | ...gs are brownish in colour. The legs are dark, hairy, and strong. The sheep bot fly is active in summer.
The females lay their eggs in the nostrils or eyes of sheep. The larvae hatch from their eggs inside the females and are shot into the host animals in drops of liquid. The host animals resist this. The laying of the maggots must be done quickly, otherwise the mother will be attacked by her own brood. The larvae, approximately 500 in number, nest in the nasal cavities and sinuses of the sheep, remaining there for month...
...gots must be done quickly, otherwise the mother will be attacked by her own brood. The larvae, approximately 500 in number, nest in the nasal cavities and sinuses of the sheep, remaining there for months. In the spring of the following year, the host animalsalready show symptoms such as sneezing and inflammatory discharge.
The larvae are up to 30 mm in length. After the last larval stage, the larvae are sneezed or coughed out by the host animals and fall down to the soil in which they pupate. The sheep bot fly occasionally lays its larvae in humans, especially in the eyes.
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| | After mating, the females lay their eggs, 2-4 mm in length (depending on the species, inside scarab or weevil larvae. The host larva is stung in the neck or chest area and is repeatedly kneaded with the mouth parts (mandibles). The females then build tunnels in the earth, sometimes to a depth of one metre beneath the surface of the soil, and drag the permanently paralyzed host larvae into these, depositing them at the end. The host larva are thus stowed in an "incubator". One egg is placed on each host insect. During a period of one to three months, Scoliidae females can lay 50 or more eggs. After egg laying the female leaves the tunnel. | | |
| | When the rubytail wasplarvae have hatched, they (after having scoured the aisles of the nest of food competitors) feed on the eggs or larvae of their hosts. Rubytail wasp larvae always hatch before their host’s larvae. Approximately 14 days after the rubytail wasp larvae hatch, even the food supplies of their hosts (only insects, no pollen) have been consumed, and they spin a cocoon for themselves in the host’s nest and pupate, either immediately, and then either to fly as another summer generation in the same year, or to overwinter inside of the cocoon. This assumes that the host larvae overwinter as well. The rubytail wasp is able to synchronize its development with the annual cycle of the various host larvae. | | |
| | Gasteruptiidae | | ...s, mint, thistle or golden rod plants. Their larvae mostly live as parasites in the nests of some kinds of bees or wasps, for example, digger wasps or solitary wasps. The fertilized females lay their eggs in spring in the nests of their larvae’s hosts. This happens near the brood-cells which have adjacent food stores. The young larvae hatch after a few days and start eating the host’s eggs or larvae. Later on they feed on the stored nectar and pollen. Pupation takes place in a cocoon within the host’s breeding cell.
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| | The andromeda lace bug is only seen in daytime and feeds on plants (phytophagous). As it is not inclined to move much , it is mainly found on the undersides of the leaves of the host plants. It sucks fluid from the leaves’ cells , which causes the leaves to yellow and eventually fall off. Thus the whole plant loses its leaves from top to bottom . Often the host plants die. Some examples of the plants which the andromeda lace bug prefers to eat are : heather species (Ericaceae), Illiciaceae, rhododendron and azalea (rhododendron spp.) as well as some plants of the family Ebenaceae. | | |
| | ...ae flowers, mint, thistle or golden rod plants. The larvae mostly live as parasites in the nests of some kinds of bees or wasps, e.g. digger wasps or solitary wasps. The fertilized females lay their eggs in spring in the nests of their larvae’s hosts. This happens near the brood’s site, which is equipped with food stores. The young Gasteruption larvae hatch after a few days and start eating the host’s eggs or larvae. Later they feed on the stored nectar and pollen. Pupation takes place in a cocoon within the host’s breeding cell. | | |
| | After mating, the fertilized females lay their eggs singly on bumblebees, ambushing the workers in flight. They cling to the host animal and lay their egg between the abdominal segments. The larvae hatch quickly and then eat their way into the abdomen of the host and hollow it out gradually. Sicus ferrugineus larvae pupate and overwinter in the hosts. | | |
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