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...e bacteria and fungi to penetrate into the plant) are clearly visible as yellowish stains.
The males live on nectar or honeydew but they can live without nutrition until they mate. The females lay their eggs on the food plants of the larvae, for example chrysanthemums (hence their name) and gerberas.
In vegetable plantations, chilli plants and potatoes are often affected. The females use their ovipositors to drill into the upper side of leaves and place 50 to 100 (sometimes even up to 400) eg...
... and leave the leaves’ interior, through a slit, in order to pupate. The development from egg to pupae (reddish-yellow to brown in colour) to adult takes about 17 days.
Endoparasites are natural enemies of the Chrysanthemum leaf miner larvae, for example, the larvae of the ichneumon wasps Dacnusa sibirica and Diglyphus isaea. The ichneumon wasps lay their eggs in the larvae of the Chrysanthemum leaf miner. The hatching wasp larvae cause mass deaths of the host larvae by feeding on their insides. ... | | |
| | Lepidopterans - Moths and Butterflies | | ...nt the most species-rich order of insects. So far, 180,000 species, in 127 families, have been documented , and about 700 new species are discovered every year. Apart from in the Antarctic, moths and butterflies are found worldwide. In Germany, for example, there are about 3700 species. | | |
| | | ...en similar to the living of the adult beetles. The living of the larvae affects the duration of their larval stage.
In the Palearctic beetles mostly overwinter as pupa and slip off during the spring. Some species overwinter as adult beetles (for example: ladybirds and Hydrophilidae).
The most important natural enemies of the beetles are pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi), parasites (Ichneumon wasps, tachina flies, Acarina) and enemies like birds, hedgehogs, shrews, bats, reptiles, sp... | | |
| | Sense of smell and sense of taste are highly developed in ants. They communicate primarily by means of pheromones. Ants always behave aggressively when they encounter ants from other colonies. The Red forest ant is an example of an omnivore. Its diet consists of insects like caterpillars, butterflies and flies as well as other invertebrates like spiders. | | |
| | Bibionidae | Bibionidae are a family of the order Diptera and belong to the suborder Nematocera. The species of this family are mid-sized Nematocera. There are approximately 400 species known worldwide of which 16 can be found in Germany. Some examples are: Dilophus febrilis, Bibio hortulanus and Bibio marci.
Bibionidae are dark , very hairy and resemble Diptera. They have large, evenly structured antennae on their heads. The males are very large, and have compound eyes of various dimensions...
...rown to amber. In spring and autumn Bibionidae often swarm en masse. They do not sting and they feed on nectar or honeydew. They contribute to the pollination of fruit trees. The insects mate within the swarm, and the males of the Bibio marci for example can become very aggressive. While the Nematocera are generally good flyers, i. e. the Bibio hortulanus are sluggish and slow.
The female Bibionidae lay up to 3,000 eggs, individually or in small groups in the soil, where they are buried. The hatc... | | |
| | A colony of common wasps usually comprises 3000 to 4000 animals although colonies of 10,000 wasps are not uncommon. As many as 50,000 common wasps have been found living in one colony (in New Zealand for example). Labour in the colony is organised. The intensity of brood care is similar to that of bees. While the adult wasps are vegetarian - feeding on nectar from plants and other sugary juices the larvae of Vespidae are fed on the protein rich meat... | | |
| | Gasteruptiidae | | ...s easily recognizable. The front wings are folded lengthwise.
The adult wasps are mainly found on umbelliferae flowers, mint, thistle or golden rod plants. Their larvae mostly live as parasites in the nests of some kinds of bees or wasps, for example, digger wasps or solitary wasps. The fertilized females lay their eggs in spring in the nests of their larvae’s hosts. This happens near the brood-cells which have adjacent food stores. The young larvae hatch after a few days and start eating th... | | |
| | The size of the blow-fly varies greatly. For the sake of example the Cynomya mortuorum can reach a body length of up to 18 mm. The body of the blow-fly is compact and often shiny metallic blue, green or golden-green in colour. In addition to their well developed compound eyes and antennae, the blow flies use the... | | |
| | These insects prefer to live on grasslands, but are also found in shady deciduous forests and coniferous forests. They live off the juice of several plants, for example, Alopecurus, Festuca, Triticum or Dactylis. Stenodema laevigata reproduce once a year. The fertilized females lay their eggs in June or July on the flowers of the larvae’s host plants.
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| | ...oiseshell produces 2 to 3 new generations a year. They can be encountered from March to October. They overwinter in protected places. Egg-laying occurs after overwintering, on the undersides of the leaves of the larval food plants, grand nettle, for example. A clutch comprises approximately 50 to 200 eggs. The young caterpillars, which hatch after a few days, are gregarious and live in self spinned tissue. At the end of the larval period, lasting 1 to 2 months, they are living solitarily or in small gr... | | |
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